That was...	That has turned out...

Facades buildings is a person of city. The facade of a building is also the card of that organization which in it is placed. That is why to questions of a condition of facades of the Kiev buildings recently pays the most steadfast attention and on the part of the government of our city, and on the part of the large companies - owners of buildings, and certainly on the part of the building organizations.

Works on the device, repair and reconstruction of facades of buildings are one of the major directions of activity for building company PROXIMA. We perform works as from modern and expensive import materials, with application of new technologies, and from accessible at the price of domestic. Works are carried out with application of woods, electric self-elevating crables, towers, and also a method of industrial mountaneering in remote places. For manufacture of works in a cold season are used thermal shelter where hot air moves.

One of the technologies used by us, the technology of repair of old buildings with cracks in walls is. Working on old technologies, having executed repair of a plaster layer, it is impossible to be confident that cracks soon will not appear on a surface of a building again. Modern and inexpensive polymeric materials allow to forget about this problem for a long time: even at formation within the precincts of a crack in 3-5 mm elastic polymer will not give it to be formed on a surface.

the Guarantee: On all kinds of front works the warranty for from 12 months and is given more depending on complexity and quality of used materials.

We ; the following front works:

· plaster painting works

· Manufacture of decorative painting and decorating (quarrystone a stone, a broken stone, a facing brick, a decorative bar)

· the Device heat insulation

· Installation of a siding

· Installation building tile

· Installation doubling lath

· the Device blind area (concrete, asphalt, sidewalk a bar, a decorative stone).

· Washing of facades

· Removal{Distance} wall saltpetre

Historical digression

As is known, the architecture cramped is connected by image to a life of people. Architectural monuments reflected those or other ideas inherent in the given step of development of mankind in different stages of a world history.

But different epoch are characterized not only change of style (in a narrow sense this word) erected designs, but also replacement of building materials. In fact that it is possible to execute from a tree, can be not always carried out from a brick or a stone - and on the contrary.

Therefore represents special interest constant (from an epoch by an epoch) change of style (in wide understanding of the term), so, and continuous change of building materials.

So, what such style? In narrow value as style understand, in most cases, only decorative - ornamental aspect. But it not absolutely so. More likely, style is a certain set of features of the architectural construction inherent in this or that epoch and including its functional, constructive and art parties

Thus, we see, as building materials enter into concept of style, and it means, that when we shall speak about style, we shall speak and about building materials, and also about their use at erection of various designs.

Each style is generated by the certain epoch, together with it develops, and further when the given epoch gives a up the place another, together with it perishes. Let's look, as architectural style changed in process of development of a human society, and what building materials were inherent in various epoch. (As our directory is devoted to building materials to stop in detail on something other - it is not meaningful.)

Sources of architecture take the beginning in days of a late neolith. Then the stone for a construction of monumental structures was already used. But value of the majority of the monuments which have reached us of that period - is not known.

It is possible to assert with confidence, that rudiments of the present architecture are in Egypt and Forward Asia. If for erection of residential buildings the brick - сырец, the beaten ground and a tree to construction of cult constructions (pyramids) it was applied rock-face a stone due to what we and were reached with architectural monuments of that time was still used.

Certainly, it is impossible to ignore and the architecture of the Ancient Greece which has shown one tops of a history of a world civilization. On initial a stage Greeks used a brick - сырец and a tree, but further these materials have been superseded by a stone. And in Greece the classical period of a wall and a column were erected from a marble.

It is a lot of from the Greek architecture has taken Ancient Rome. But also there are also differences. Rome has entered into construction essentially new materials - кирпично-concrete designs which have allowed to solve a problem of the big spaces and many times over to speed up construction.

In days of Byzantium (after disintegration of Roman empire) the basic building materials were a brick in a combination to a stone. Facades in buildings of that period, as a rule, were not plastered, and made out by limestone.

During development of feudalism (Romance and Gothic architecture) stylistic principles of antiquity have been completely rejected. That was kept from antique architecture, has been strongly transformed and roughening The main building material was the stone. But use of massive stone designs (it is especial, in days of a gothic style) has demanded from architects of completely new architectural decisions. The big attention was given, if it is possible so to be expressed, *lt; oU?OO?«?O?*gt; cult structures of Middle Ages.

Certainly, speaking about development of architectural style and about the graphic moments inherent in it it is necessary to mention architecture of Ancient Russia. Developing during eight centuries (up to the end of 17-th century), the architecture of Ancient Russia has shown extremely bright and multiple-valued page in a general history of architecture. A prevailing building material in Russia was the tree. With his{its} help were erected not only apartment houses, but also so-called cult constructions, somehow: palaces, churches, etc. But, in spite of the fact that the majority of structures has been created from a tree, national masters have managed to give to each building the unique shape. It concerns and to simple country log huts - срубам, and to tent and tier to temples.

But we shall return to the Western Europe where in 15-th century occurrence of new style - style of Renaissance has been marked. It was time of returning to antiquity. But at the same time, architects of Revival have taken new constructive system on arms. First of all, it was expressed in refusal of a stone laying and transition to brick with application of a tree. For the first time the given style has appeared in Italy, and further was distributed and to other countries.

The further development of the West-European architecture has led to to occurrence of new styles of a baroque and classicism. The first, in general, continued traditions of Revival, but differed from it the greater monumentalism of the erected designs, the second opposite - showed new judgement of masterpieces of antiquity.

Some words and about the Ukrainian baroque distinguished from West-European mainly by are necessary to tell that buildings were reveted not with a stone, and became covered by plaster, plaster details that promoted more expressed plastic beginning were used, and also allowed to apply painting.

The boundary of 19-20 centuries was marked by essential change of architectural style. It has been connected with the advent of a plenty of new building materials. Already from the second quarter of 19-th century in the West-European architecture as materials metal, and later and glass was used. By the end of a century builders have started to apply concrete and the ferro-concrete being at present the basic materials for erection of various designs. Use of new forms of construction demanded also new constructive - architectural decisions.

The architecture of Ukraine in 19-th century, basically, developed in parallel West-European, but thus metal and new designs were not used so actively, as in the West.

Soviet time has been marked by transition to monumentalism and typical construction which today more and more leaves in the past, giving a up the place to new architectural decisions.

But development of architectural forms still far from being has ended. And who knows, what buildings will be seen by us in the come millenium due to development of a science and technics, occurrence of new building materials.

Physics of walls

Now, in connection with occurrence not simply new materials, and the whole SYSTEMS of protecting designs (consisting of diverse materials), the huge attention should be given to understanding of the physical processes occuring in external walls. Without it their competent designing and erection is impossible.

As protecting designs external walls are exposed to influence of a lot of the factors closely connected to processes, occuring both outside of a building, and inside it (fig. 1). To number of these factors, in particular, concern:

• an atmospheric precipitation;
• water the pairs, contained in internal air of a building;
• a moisture of ground;
• a wind;
• solar radiation;
• differences of temperatures;
• chemically aggressive substances contained in air;
• and also some other factors.

An atmospheric precipitation
The greatest negative influence renders on external walls of buildings a slanting rain with a wind. More all suffer from it construction on coast, and also high-altitude, separately worth buildings.

Rain water can get inside of a wall through porous structure of a surface, an aperture, a crack, a crack and leaky seams. The top parts of walls and corners are exposed to the strongest influence of a rain.

Faulty water-waste a trench and pipes can become also the reason get wet walls. Vertical seams of drainpipes should be arranged in the opposite party{side} from a wall to prevent hit of water on a wall. The distance between a wall and gutters should be not less than 30 mm.

Incorrectly executed window slopes can lead also to to hit of rain water inside of a design of a wall. External edges of window slopes should be on distance of 30 mm from a wall, besides they should have a sufficient inclination, it is not less 300.

Fire ladders, flagstaffs, fixtures, boards, handrail of balconies, etc. it is necessary to mount so that they did not direct rain water on a wall.

Superficial waters on the ground, snow snowdrifts and sparks of rain water influence a socle and the bottom part of a facade. To level negative influences from the given kind of loadings, it is necessary to provide the device of a bias adjoining to a building of the ground.

Water pairs

Water pairs it is constantly formed in internal premises of a building as a result of ability to live of people (preparation of food, washing, bathing, washing of floors, etc.). Especially high humidity is observed in recently constructed or repaired buildings. New designs can sometimes possess extremely high dryness because of so-called constructive humidity. The above the temperature and is more effective airing, the there is a process of drying of a design faster.

Water the pairs, contained in air inside a building, during diffusion and convective carry will penetrate into a design of a wall and, being cooled up to temperature dew-points are lower, is condensed. The quantity{amount} of a formed moisture the above, than more difference of temperatures outside and in internal premises{rooms}, - therefore during winter time a moisture rather intensively collects in a wall. Thus it is necessary to understand, that the moisture of internal air can pass in wall a design as well together with air streams through a different kind of a crack, a crack both not tight joints and seams.

That the wall year from one year did not lose the heat insulation ability and constructive durability, it is necessary, that all moisture collecting in a thickness of a wall in the winter and the summer, left outside.

The most reliable protection from water pair is especially important in buildings with premises with the big humidity: pools, computer halls, etc. From pair it is necessary for Protection to pay special attention and at construction in areas with extremely cold climate (even at normal humidity inside premises{rooms}). Negative consequences of this phenomenon can be prevented - or using various constructive receptions (first of all, the device of ventilated backlashes), or switching in a design of a wall vapour seal materials (from within premises{rooms}).

A moisture of ground

In case of absence of a waterproofing earth and sedimentary waters in the base of a building can rise under influence of capillary forces in a socle. In case of the inadequate device of isolation between a socle and wall a design the moisture can rise even above - in actually wall a design. On rice 1 a number{line} of constructive decisions on prevention of penetration of a moisture from ground in a socle is submitted.

A wind

Streams of a wind, meeting on a way an obstacle as a building, bypass it is in result around of construction areas positive and negative pressure (fig. 2) are formed. The wind loadings increasing on height of a building, without fail take into account at calculations of protecting designs.

Solar radiation

Various materials possess different sensitivity solar radiation. So, for example, the sunlight practically does not render influence on a ceramic bar, and also on materials from metals without the polymeric coverings put on them. On the other hand, paint and varnish materials of a covering are subject to rather significant destruction that is shown as paints on a facade. A line of materials does not change the physical properties, but loses external appeal - for example, fades (paints and some polymeric coverings).

Therefore, choosing a facing material for application in southern areas, it is necessary to make sure, that it possesses sufficient light resistance.

Differences of temperatures

As protecting designs external walls function in rather rigid mode, testing influence of difference of temperatures. As a rule, the internal surface of walls has the temperature close to that exists in a premise. During too time the temperature of an external surface varies in enough wide limits - from rather significant negative sizes (in winter, frosty night) up to the sizes close to 1000С (summer a sunny day). The temperature of an external surface of a wall at the same time can be non-uniform because of unequal light exposure the sun of its different sites.

But, as is known, all materials are to some extent subject to a thermal stretching and compression. Therefore in order to prevent deformations and destruction it is very important, that materials, in a uniform design, had close factors of temperature expansion, or corresponding technical decisions would be applied to maintenance of their teamwork.

To a line of materials daily temperature drops from plus to a minus can serious danger often, sometimes. It, as a rule, occurs in areas to soft and damp winter. Therefore in similar climatic zones it is necessary to pay the most steadfast attention to such important characteristic of materials, as water absorption. At high water absorption at (positive temperatures) the moisture will penetrate and collects in порах a material, and at negative - freezes and, extending, deforms structure of a material. In result there is the progressing destruction of a material resulting in formation of cracks.

Chemically aggressive substances contained in air

As a rule, in the big cities or near to the large enterprises in an atmosphere high enough concentration of chemically aggressive substances, for example, hydrogen sulphide and carbonic gas is observed. Therefore protecting designs of a building in such areas it is necessary to apply the materials proof to chemical substances to all elements, present in air.


Fig. 1
The typical loadings influencing designs of walls and a socle (on materials of firm TIKKURILA).


Fig. 2
Distribution of the pressure caused by a wind (J.Latta, Walls, Windows and Roofs for the Canadian Climate, 1973).

Questions of designing

Modern external walls should answer a lot of the most general requirements, namely: on durability and stability; on the durability corresponding to a class of a building; on fire resistance; on heat conductivity; on protection against noise; on vapour permeability; on seismic stability (in seismic areas); on architectural expressiveness.

Thus, during designing it is necessary to take into account the following basic preconditions as the initial data:

• characteristics of a building (purpose, этажность, temperature-humidity a mode, a degree of fire resistance, etc.);
• an arrangement of a building in system of building, a lay-out and an accomplishment of territory;
• climatic factors of area of construction (temperature of external air in the winter and in the summer, isolation, an atmospheric precipitation, speed of a wind);
• the nomenclature of available building materials for the device of a roof, and also technical opportunities of the construction organizations;
• special conditions of construction (seismic conditions, it is long frozen groundes, slump groundes, work up territories);
• financial opportunities of the customer.

Normative requirements to modern external walls contain in a plenty of documents, and the part from them is obsolete, but, nevertheless, is not cancelled. Designing follows a message in view of instructions and restrictions of working building norms:

On many modern materials which have appeared rather recently for designs of external walls state standards are not developed yet. From last documents we shall pay attention readers only to the arch corrected, commissioned in 2000 - the joint venture 12-101-98 ' Technical rules of manufacture external heat insulationbuildings with thin plaster on a heater '.

To result the list working ГОСТов which contain requirements to wall to materials, not expediently, especially many of these documents as it was spoken above, have already become outdated.

Absence of normative base considerably complicates work of designers. Therefore at a choice of materials it is recommended to pay attention to the technical parameters resulted in THOSE, technical certificates or fair brochures (for materials of foreign firms) and to compare them to requirements on conditions of operation.

Thus it is necessary to mean, that the technical parameters regulated in GOST and THOSE, frequently are not comparable to the parameters contained in fair brochures of foreign firms as they are defined by various techniques.

Depending on type of loadings external walls share on:

Bearing walls - perceiving loadings from a body weight of walls on all height of a building and a wind, and also from other constructive elements of a building (overlappings{blockings}, a roof, the equipment, etc.);
self-bearing walls - perceiving loadings from a body weight of walls on all height of a building and a wind;
Not bearing (including hinged) walls - perceiving loadings only from a body weight and a wind within the limits of one floor and transmitting them on internal walls and overlappings{blockings} of a building (a typical example - walls - fillers at frame housing construction).
Requirements to various types of walls essentially differ. In first two cases are very important strengthening characteristics since stability of all building depends on them in many respects. Therefore the materials used for their erection, are subject to the special control.

The constructive system represents the interconnected set vertical (walls) and horizontal (overlappings of bearingdesigns of a building which in common provide his{its} durability, rigidity and stability.

For today the most used constructive systems are frame and wall systems. It is necessary to note, that in modern conditions frequently functional features of a building and economic preconditions result in necessity of a combination of both constructive systems. Therefore today the increasing urgency is got with the device of the combined systems.

For бескаркасной constructive system (fig. 1) use following wall materials: wooden bars and logs, ceramic and silicate bricks, various blocks (concrete, ceramic, silicate) and ferro-concrete bearing{carrying} panels (panel housing construction).

Until recently the system was the basic in mass housing construction of houses various number of storeys. But in conditions of the today's market when reduction материалоемкости стеновых designs at simultaneous maintenance of necessary parameters of a heat-shielding is one of the pressing questions of construction, the increasing distribution is received by frame system of erection of buildings.

Frame designs possess high bearing ability, small weight that allows to erect buildings of different purpose and various number of storeys with application as protecting designs of a wide spectrum of materials: easier, less strong, but at the same time providing the basic requirements on a heat-shielding, звуко-and noise isolations, fire resistance. It can be piece materials or panels (metal - type *lt; ?Y?no??*gt;, or hinged ferro-concrete).

External walls in frame buildings are not bearing{carrying}. Therefore прочностные characteristics wall fillings not so are important, as in buildings бескаркасного type.

External walls of multi-storey frame buildings by means of mortgage details fasten to bearing elements of a skeleton or lean on edges of disks of overlappings Fastening can be carried out and by means of the special arms fixed on a skeleton.

From the point of view of an architectural lay-out and purpose of a building, the most perspective is the variant of a skeleton with a free lay-out - overlappings on bearing columns. Buildings of such type allow to refuse a typical lay-out of apartments while in buildings with cross-section or longitudinal bearing walls it to make it is practically impossible.

Have well recommended itself frame houses and in seismically dangerous areas.

For erection of a skeleton metal, a tree, ferro-concrete, and a ferro-concrete skeleton are used (fig. 2) can be both monolithic, and modular. For today the rigid monolithic skeleton with filling effective wall materials most is frequently used.

The increasing application find easy frame hardware (fig. 3). Erection of a building is carried out from separate constructive elements on a building site; or from modules which installation is made on a building site.

The given technology has some the basic advantages. First, is a fast erection of a construction (short term of construction). Second, - an opportunity of formation of the big flights. And at last, - the ease of a design reducing loading on the base. It allows suit, in particular, mansard floors without amplification of the base.

The special place among metal frame systems is borrowed with systems from thermoelements (steel structures with the punched walls interrupting bridges). The similar system (see fig. 4) is represented in the Russian market by firm *quot; RANNILA*quot; (Finland).

Alongside with ferro-concrete and metal skeletons for a long time wooden frame houses in which a bearing element is the wooden skeleton from integral or клееной wood also are well-known. In comparison with cut wooden frame designs differ the greater profitability (less charge of wood) and the minimal susceptibility shrinkage.

A little bit{Some} private residence costs{stands} one more way of modern erection wall designs - technology with application of fixed timberings. Specificity of considered systems consists that elements of a fixed timbering are not bearing. Elements of a design. During construction of a construction, by installation of armature and priming concrete, creates the rigid ferro-concrete skeleton which is meeting the requirements on durability and stability.



Fig. 1
constructive system (ROBEN.)


Fig. 2
Process of installation of a monolithic skeleton (MEVA.)


Fig. 3
Skeleton from metal designs (RANNILA.)


Fig. 4
Metal frame system from thermoelements (RANNILA.)
And, - constructive units;
B - thermal profile with the punched wall preventing < bridges

To learn it is more about the materials used in front works and technologies of front works and it is possible here: « Walls and facades » http: // proxima.com.ua/stat/index.php? c=25

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